Carte, Gene E. and Elaine H. Carte. Police Reform in the United States: The Era of August Volllmer, 1905-1932. Berkeley: University of California Press. 1975.
An examination of the impact of August Vollmer, Chief of the Berkeley, California PD, on the professionalization of the police service in America. Vollmer was responsible for most of the advances in technology and administration in policing. He was also instrumental in establishing police training academies.

Clark, Dennis. The Irish in Philadelphia: Ten Generations of Urban Experience. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. 1973.
Clark traces the development of the Philadelphia Irish community from colonial times to the present. He examines the impact of the Irish on the city and its social institutions. He asserts that the political influence which accompanied Irish life in New York and Boston was never achieved by the Irish in Philadelphia.

Davis, Allen F. and Mark H. Haller. Editors. The Peoples of Philadelphia: A History of Ethnic Groups and Lower-Class Life, 1790-1940. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 1973.
A collection of historical essays concerning Philadelphia immigrants and the social, economic and political issues which confronted city residents.

Dilworth, Donald C. Editor. The Blue and the Brass: American Policing 1890-1910. Gaithersburg: International Association of Chiefs of Police. 1976.
A collection of letters, speeches, papers, photos and other items from the International Association of Chiefs of Police. All the materials relate to policing during the 1890-1910 era.

Flinn, John J. History of the Chicago Police: From the Settlement of the Community to the Present Time. Montclair: Patterson Smith. 1973. 1887.
A comprehensive and detailed presentation of the history of the Chicago Police Department. It contains a detailed analysis of the everyday duties of patrol officers and detectives. Though weak in historical analysis, it's valuable as a social commentary on the state of policing in Chicago in the 1880's.

Fogelson, Robert M. Big City Police. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 1977.
Fogelson, a Professor of Urban Studies and History at MIT, examined policing and urban politics throughout the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries. He analyzed the social role of polcing within the framework of larger American cities and addressed the various reform movements.

Fosdick, Raymond Blaine. European Police Systems. Montclair: Patterson Smith. 1969. 1915.
A comprehensive study of policing in Europe, funded by the Bureau of Social Hygiene. The policing systems of England, France, Scotland, Germany, Austria-Hungary Italy, Holland and Belgium are examined. Fosdick is vehement in his defense of European policing and especially impressed by that of Great Britain.

Fosdick, Raymond Blaine. American Police Systems. Montclair: Patterson Smith. 1972. 1920.
Fosdick continues his study with an analysis of American policing systems. He felt that the European methods were far superior to anything found in the United States. He also examines the sociological and developmental factors that shaped the American forces.

Lane, Roger. Policing the City: Boston 1822-1885. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 1967.
Lane's study of the formative years of the Boston Department. He provides much detail of both state and local political events which impacted the Boston Police.

Lane, Roger. Roots of Violence in Black Philadelphia 1860-1900. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 1986.
A fascinating study of black-Philadelphia during the gilded age. Lane addresses the roots of criminality and violence in the black community. He asserts that violence problems were rooted in the social, political and economic exclusion experienced by blacks when they moved to urban areas.

Monkkonen, Eric H. Police in Urban America 1860-1920. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 1981.
Monkkonen asserts that policing evolved into class control as an unintended consequence of uniformed officers being on the street. They provided social services such as housing and meals for vagrants. Any success in crime control came from official interference in private lives and was not built into the police mission. Later mandates to control crime pushed the police into an area in which they were never particularly successful.

Mosse, George L. Editor. Police Forces in History. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications Inc. 1975.
A collection of essays and papers written by historians and criminal justice professionals on issues relating to policing throughout the ages.

Richardson, James F. The New York Police: Colonial Times to 1901. New York: Oxford University Press. 1970.
An examination of the historical development of public perceptions and role identification regarding the NYPD from colonial times to the beginning of the 20th century. He also addresses the impact of public attitudes on police performance and condemns the political control that has retarded the development of professional policing.

Richardson, James F. Urban Police in the United States. Port Washington: Kennikat Press. 1974.
He asks the question, How should the role of police be defined? He minimizes their crime fighting and law enforcement duties in favor of order preservation and assisting the needy. He researches the age-old conflict between perception and reality.

Smith, Bruce. Police Systems in the United States. New York: Harper and Brothers Publishers. 1940.
Smith examined the adminstrative and professional development of American Departments in relation to the role of crime prevention. He also provided a blueprint for the future direction of American policing.

Sprogle, Howard O. The Philadelphia Police: Past and Present. New York: Arno Press. 1971. 1887.
A "feel good" history of the Philadelphia Police Department written in 1887. Sprogle addresses the development of the force during the 1850-1880 period. He includes a roster and short bio for each officer on the force. This work is revealing in its context and perhaps indicative of the prevalent 19th century attitudes toward policing.

Vila, Bryan and Cynthia Morris. The Role of Police in Modern Society:
A Documentary History. Westport: Greenwood Press. 1999.
A collection of primary documents relating to the history of policing in the United States. Letters, official documents, news accounts and police reports present a chronological explanation of the development of policies and procedures.

Warner, Sam Bass. The Private City: Philadelphia in Three Periods of Its Growth. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1968.
Warner examined the private economies of the city and the relationship to its development of the city.

Websdale, Neil. Policing the Poor: From Slave Plantation to Public Housing. Boston: Northeastern University Press. 2001.
Websdale looks at the development of policing in relation to its impact on the poor and policies concerned with policing the poor.

Weigley, Russell F. Editor. Philadelphia: A 300-Year History. New York: W. W. Norton & Company Inc. 1982.
A comprehensive collaboration of twenty scholars presenting an exhaustive analysis of the city's history. It is viewed by many historians as the definitive work on Philadelphia's history.